[(Title)]3D guns: Are we ready for the age of downloadable firearms?

8 states file suit against the Trump administration over its decision to allow Defense Distributed to publish downloadable blueprints for guns; Anita Vogel reports on the case.

Just hours before most Americans were expected to be able to legally access blueprints for 3D-printed guns, a federal judge in Seattle issued a temporary restraining order Tuesday stopping release of the blueprints until a hearing Aug. 10.

西雅图的一名联邦法官就在大部分美国人预计能合法获取3D打印枪设计图纸前几小时发布临时限制令，直到8月10日的听证会为止。

U.S. District Judge Robert Lasnik issued the order in response to a lawsuit filed by eight states against the federal government to block a settlement allowing blueprints for 3D-printed guns to be downloaded from the Internet.

美国联邦法官罗伯特·拉斯尼克(Robert Lasnik)，回应8个州向联邦政府提起的诉讼，要求阻止通过互联网下载3D打印枪设计图的解决。

Downloading the blueprints would allow people to circumventi background checks and open the door to do-it-yourself firearms that could bypass point-of-sale controls that have traditionally been used to limit access to firearms and other dangerous devices.

下载蓝图将允许人们绕过背景调查，打开自己动手制造枪支的大门，从而绕过传统上用来限制枪支和其他危险设备的销售点控制。

Democrats urged the Trump administration Tuesday to block the settlement allowing blueprints for the 3D-printed guns to be downloaded from the Internet.

民主党人周二敦促特朗普政府阻止允许从互联网下载3D打印枪设计图。

“Donald Trump will be totally responsible for every downloadable, plastic AR-15 that will be roaming the streets of our country if he does not act today,” said Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass.

“唐纳德特朗普将对每一个可下载的塑料AR-15负全部责任，如果他今天不采取行动，3D打印枪支将在我国的街道上蔓延，”参议员爱德华马基说。

In addition, attorneys general in 21 states urged Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Attorney General Jeff Sessions to withdraw from the settlement.

此外，21个州的总检察长敦促国务卿迈克庞培和司法部长杰夫塞申斯退出和解协议。

In many parts of the U.S., weapons are already cheap and easily attainable.

在美国许多地方，武器已经很便宜而且容易实现。

But 3D printing would likely make it easier for terrorists, homegrown dissidents and lone-wolf attackers to print weapons in locations where they are currently prohibited such as schools, government buildings and airports.

但是，3D打印可能会使恐怖分子、本土的持不同政见者和孤狼攻击者更容易在当前被禁止的地方打印武器，如学校、政府大楼和机场。

While this is not yet likely, the technology is improving quickly and even the most secure sites could be vulnerable to insider threats if a would-be attacker only needs access to a 3D printer and the Internet, according to our recent paper for the nonprofit RAND Corporation that analyzes the threats posed by 3D printing.

根据我们最近为非营利组织兰德公司撰写的分析3D打印威胁的论文，虽然这还不太可能，但技术正在迅速改进，如果潜在攻击者只需要访问3D打印机和互联网，即使是最安全的网站也可能容易受到内部威胁。

Until Judge Lasnik issued his temporary restraining order Tuesday, the blueprints were scheduled to be made available Wednesday as the result of a June settlement between Cody Wilson – creator of the first 3D-printed guns and an online archive of digital blueprints – and the State Department.

在拉斯尼克法官周二发布临时禁止令之前，由于科迪·威尔逊( Cody Wilson )与国务院于6月达成和解，设计图定于周三发布。科迪·威尔逊是第一批3D打印枪支的创造者，也是数字设计图的在线存档人。

In 2013 the federal government made Wilson take down the digital blueprints for violating federal export laws, leading Wilson to sue.

2013年，联邦政府让威尔逊取消违反联邦出口法的数字设计图，导致威尔逊提起诉讼。

The settlement temporarily blocked by Lasnik says Wilson and Defense Distributed – the nonprofit he leads – can publish plans, files and 3D drawings in any form and exempts them from the export restrictions.

拉斯尼克发布临时禁止令时表示，威尔逊和国防部能够以任何形式公布计划、档案和3D图纸，并免于出口限制。

Even if the Internet-enabled gun movement can be blocked on a long-term basis, it is only one of the many potential ways 3D printing could introduce new security threats.

即使可以长期阻止支持互联网的枪支运动，但这仅仅是3D打印可能带来新的安全威胁的许多潜在方式之一。

Hackers may have new and lethal ways to threaten our personal and economic security through infiltration or sabotage as digital files become physical products.

随着数字档案成为实物产品，黑客可能使用新的致命方法通过渗透或破坏威胁我们的个人和经济安全。

And 3D printing could undermine export controls or sanctions if Iran can print parts for its Boeing airliners instead of relying on the U.S. and other Western powers to provide them.

如果伊朗能够为其波音飞机打印零件，而不是依赖美国和其他西方国家提供这些零部件，3D打印可能会破坏出口管制或制裁。

We explored the potential security threats of 3D technology, formally known as “additive manufacturing,” by interviewing executives affiliated with private-sector 3D printing and holding a workshop with industry participants and leading security experts.

我们通过采访与私营部门3D打印相关的高管，并与行业参与者和领先的安全专家举行研讨会，探讨了3D技术(学名“增材制造”)的潜在安全威胁。

We found that regulation is unlikely to be effective and may be costly to society, potentially constraining the growth of 3D technology.

我们发现监管不太可能有效，对社会来说可能代价高昂，可能会限制3D技术的发展。

But cooperation from business leaders, government officials and other policymakers could make a big difference by providing standards and a valuable foundation for technical and policy-level solutions.

但商界领袖、政府官员和其他政策制定者的合作能够产生巨大影响，为技术和政策层面的解决方案提供标准和宝贵基础。

Although 3D printing is in place across various industries, its use tends to be fairly limited, focusing on prototypes and small-scale production.

尽管三维打印在各个行业都有，但其使用往往比较有限，侧重于原型和小规模生产。

But as the technology becomes more capable and accessible over the next few years, costs should fall.

但随着该技术在未来几年变得更有能力和更易获得，成本将会下降。

Once the digital design is completed, fabricating an ornate and complicated shape does not require much more time, skill or cost than printing a simple 3D block.

一旦数字设计完成，制作华丽复杂的形状不需要比打印简单的3D块更多的时间、技巧或成本。

This gives 3D printing an advantage over traditional manufacturing for producing complex or highly customizable goods.

这为三维打印提供了生产复杂或高度定制商品的传统制造优势。

In the 3D printing industry that’s known as getting “complexity for free.” Through digital design and layered construction, 3D printing allows for the creation of objects that cannot be built using traditional methods.

3D印刷行业被称为“复杂性免费”。通过数字设计和分层建筑，3D打印能够创造无法利用传统方法建造的物体。

For example, the environmental control system duct in an F-18 fighter was traditionally built from 16 different components, each of which had to be adjusted to account for assembly and construction.

例如 , 一 架 F - 18 型 战斗机 的 环境 控制 系统 管道 传统上 是 由 16 个 不同 组成 部分 建造 的 , 每一 部分 都 必须 调整 , 以 说明 装配 和 建筑 情况 。

With 3D printing, the entire duct is created as an optimized whole piece.

利用3D打印, 整个管道被设计成优化的整体件。

Advances in 3D printing could also unleash new forms of cyberattacks.

3D打印的进步也可能引发新的网络攻击形式。

As digital plans are transformed into physical objects, cybersecurity will become even more important.

随着数字计划变成实物，网络安全将变得更加重要。

Today’s hackers steal credit card, Social Security and bank account numbers.

今天的黑客偷了信用卡，社会保障和银行账户号码。明天可能会渗入打印机，损坏软件，或者改变数字设计，引入不可察觉的设计缺陷。

Tomorrow’s may infiltrate a printer and corrupt software or alter a digital design, introducing imperceptible design flaws.

Such a cyberattack could compromise airplanes and cars as well as simple household appliances and delivery drones – and have profound implications on personal and home security.

这样的网络攻击可能会损害飞机和汽车，以及简单的家用电器和交付无人机——并且对个人和家庭安全产生深远的影响。

3D printing also has the potential to make trade sanctions – historically a major tool in dealing with international disputes – less effective.

3D印刷也有可能使贸易制裁降低效率——从历史上看，贸易制裁是处理国际争端的主要工具。

For instance, because of sanctions imposed over the last two decades by the West, Iran Air had to rely on salvaged or smuggled parts.

例如，由于过去20年来西方实施的制裁，伊朗航空公司不得不依赖打捞或走私部件。它已经成为世界上最危险的航空公司之一，导致一些乘客称该航空公司生锈的飞机“飞行棺材”。

It has become one of the most dangerous airlines in the world, causing some passengers to dub the airline’s rusty aircraft “flying coffins.”

With access to printers, raw materials and digital designs, a state like Iran could print its own airline parts and more easily circumvent sanctions.

由于能够获得打印机、原材料和数字设计，像伊朗这样的国家可以打印自己的航空零部件，并更容易绕过制裁。

The growing opposition to 3D-printed guns shows that potential security threats do not have to be inevitable.

对3D打印枪的反对越来越多，这表明潜在的安全威胁并非不可避免。

The security challenges inherent in 3D printing could be addressed, while the development of industry norms can still be shaped.

3D打印中固有的安全挑战是可以解决的，而行业规范的发展仍然可以形成。

Policymakers will likely need to balance safety and security, while avoiding overregulation that might smother a technology that could improve billions of lives and greatly contribute to a new era of innovation.

决策者可能需要平衡安全和安保，同时避免过度监管，以免击垮能够改善数十亿人的生活并大大促进创新时代的技术。

Trevor Johnston is an associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation.

J. Luke Irwin is an assistant policy analyst at RAND and a Ph.D. student at the Pardee RAND Graduate School.

Troy D. Smith is an associate economist at the nonpriofit, nonpartisan RAND Corporation.